Tag: paleontology

The Evolution of Whales is No Longer a Mystery

Super fact 85 : Scientists recognized that whales descended from land animals already in the 19th century. However, it was not until the 1980’s that intermediate fossils for whale evolution were found. In addition, molecular and genetic / DNA studies showed that Hippopotamus and whales were closely related. Until then the evolution of whales was a bit of a mystery and creationists frequently mocked the lack of intermediate fossils for whale evolution.

This graph shows pictures of a sperm whale, gray whale and hippopotamus on the right, and two whale ancestors at the top and they are connected via lines ultimately showing the common connection point on the far left.
All living cetaceans including whales, dolphins, porpoises, sperm whales and hippopotamids / hippopotamus belong to a suborder of artiodactyls called whippomorpha. Just like humans and chimpanzees have a common ancestor hippopotamus and whales have a common ancestor. Note: I created this image by inserting a few pictures from Wikipedia commons including a mother sperm whale and her calf off the coast of Mauritius, a gray whale in captivity, a hippopotamus and two pre-historic whales (from the section Evolution of Whales – Intermediate Fossils). All pictures are shown below.
The picture shows a mother and calf sperm whale swimming in the ocean.
Sperm whales from Wikimedia commons. A mother sperm whale and her calf off the coast of Mauritius. The calf has remoras attached to its body.
The picture shows a gray whale in water.
A gray whale in captivity. Marine Mammal Commission, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
Portrait of a Hippopotamus in water in Saadani National Park. Muhammad Mahdi Karim, CC BY-SA 4.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0&gt;, via Wikimedia Commons.

Scientists realized hundreds of years ago that whales were a lot more like mammals than fish, in fact they were mammals. However, the fact that no intermediate fossils between land dwelling mammals and whales had been found presented a mystery and attracted the mockery by creationists. It was said that there was a missing link. Then intermediate fossils were found, and then a lot more of them.

In addition, DNA analysis of modern whales and hippopotamus showed that they were related and had a common ancestor. Just like chimpanzees and humans have a common ancestor, but chimpanzees are not an ancestor to humans, hippopotamus and whales have a common ancestor, but whales did not evolve from hippopotamus. To read more about the evolution of whales click here, or here, or here, or here, or here, or here, or here.

The thing with gaps in the fossil record or so called missing links is that as they are filled out new gaps are created, smaller gaps. Therefore, you can always claim that there are gaps. So be careful when you hear creationists speaking of missing links or gaps in the fossil record. Instead focus on the intermediate fossils that we have found and keep finding.

The fact that we’ve found a lot of intermediate fossils for the evolution of whales and that DNA tells us that Hippos and Whales are related and have a common ancestor probably comes as a surprise to many. It was certainly a surprise to me when I heard it the first time. It is true and kind of important to know. Therefore, I consider this a super fact.

Evolution of Whales – Intermediate Fossils

The first intermediate fossil found between land mammals and whales was Pakicetus found in Pakistan in 1983. You may wonder how we know that Pakicetus was related to whales. This evidence includes its fossilized ear bone (auditory bulla), which possesses a unique, thickened shape called an involucrum that is found only in cetaceans. Pakicetus also shares whale-like teeth, an ankle bone and a skull structure similar to other early whale like creaturs. Since the discovery of Pakicetus a lot more whale ancestors (intermediate fossils) have been found. Below is a list with illustrations of the various intermediate fossils.

Pakicetus: The illustration shows a four legged carnivorous mammal with a tail and an elongated snout.
Pakicetus inachus, a whale ancestor from the Early Eocene of Pakistan, after Nummelai et al., (2006), pencil drawing, digital coloring. It lived 48-49 million years ago. Nobu Tamura (http://spinops.blogspot.com), CC BY 3.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0&gt;, via Wikimedia Commons.
Indohyus: The illustration shows a four legged carnivorous mammal with a tail and an elongated snout.
Indohyus major, a herbivorous whale ancestor from the Middle Eocene of Kashmir, pencil drawing, digital coloring. It lived 48-49 million years ago. Nobu Tamura (http://spinops.blogspot.com), CC BY 3.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0&gt;, via Wikimedia Commons.
Ambulocetus: The illustration shows a four legged carnivorous mammal with a tail and an elongated snout.
Ambulocetus natans, a primitive whale from the Early Eocene of Pakistan, pencil drawing, digital coloring. It lived 48-49 million years ago. Nobu Tamura (http://spinops.blogspot.com), CC BY 3.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
Kutchicetus: The illustration shows a carnivorous mammal with short legs, a tail and an elongated snout. It is swimming in the ocean.
Kutchicetus minimus, an early whale from the middle Eocene of India. Pencil drawing, digital coloring. It lived 48 million years ago. Nobu Tamura, CC BY 3.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
Remingtonocetus: The illustration shows a carnivorous mammal with short legs, a tail and an elongated snout. It is swimming in the ocean.
Remingtonocetus harudiniensis, an archaeocete whale from the Middle Eocene of India, pencil drawing, digital coloring. It lived 48 million years ago. Nobu Tamura (http://spinops.blogspot.com), CC BY 3.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
Maiacetus. It lived 47.5 million years ago. Nobu Tamura (http://spinops.blogspot.com), CC BY-SA 3.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
Rodhocetus: The illustration shows a mammal with short legs swimming in the ocean. It has flat feet, a tail and an elongated snout. It looks even more like a sea creature now.
Rodhocetus kasrani, an archaeoceti whale from the late Eocene of Pakistan, digital. It lived 45 million years ago. Nobu Tamura, CC BY 3.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0&gt;, via Wikimedia Commons.
Dorudon: The illustration shows a mammal with fins swimming in the ocean. It has flat feet, a tail and an elongated snout. It looks even more like a sea creature now.
Dorudon atrox, an ancestral whale from the Late Eocene of Egypt, pencil drawing, digital coloring. It lived 35 million years ago. Nobu Tamura, CC BY 3.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
Aetiocetu: The illustration shows a fish or whale looking creature swimming in the ocean.
Aetiocetus cotylalveus, an early baleen whale from the Late Oligocene of Oregon, pencil drawing, digital coloring. It lived 27 million years ago. Nobu Tamura (http://spinops.blogspot.com), CC BY 3.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
Squalodon: The illustration shows a fish or dolphin looking creature swimming in the ocean.
Squalodon calvertensis, a toothed whale from the Late Miocene of North America, pencil drawing, digital coloring. It lived 25 million years ago. Nobu Tamura, CC BY 3.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0&gt;, via Wikimedia Commons.
Janjucetus: The illustration shows a fish or whale looking creature swimming in the ocean.
Janjucetus hunderi, a Mysticeti whale from the Oligocene of Australia, digital work. It lived 25 million years ago.  Nobu Tamura   email:nobu.tamura@yahoo.com   http://www.palaeocritti.comderivative work: Niusereset, CC BY 3.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0&gt;, via Wikimedia Commons.
Kentriodon: The illustration shows a dolphin looking creature swimming in the ocean.
Kentriodon pernix, an odontocete dolphin-like whale from the Miocene, pencil drawing, digital coloring. It lived 20 million years ago. Nobu Tamura (http://spinops.blogspot.com/2012/06/kentriodon-pernix.html?q=Kentriodon), CC BY 3.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
Aulophyseter: The illustration shows a creature that looks a bit like a sperm whale swimming in the ocean.
Aulophyseter morricei, a sperm whale from the Middle Miocene of California. It lived 20 million years ago. Nobu Tamura, CC BY 3.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0&gt;, via Wikimedia Commons.
Cetotherium: The illustration shows a creature that looks like a modern gray whale swimming in the ocean.
Cetotherium furlongi, a baleen whale from the mid-Late Miocene of Europe, Russia and North America, digital. It lived 18 million years ago. Nobu Tamura (http://spinops.blogspot.com), CC BY 3.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0&gt;, via Wikimedia Commons.
Brygmophyseter: The illustration shows a creature that looks like a sperm whale swimming in the ocean.
Brygmophyseter shigensis (aka as Nagacetus shigensis), a sperm whale from the Mid Miocene of Japan. Digital. It lived 15 million years ago. Nobu Tamura (http://spinops.blogspot.com), CC BY 3.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.

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