Category: Physics

I recently read a very interesting book on the history of nuclear power and its possible future, Atomic Awakening: A New Look at the History and Future of Nuclear Power by James Mahaffey. Something like 90% of the book was history, the history of physics, nuclear physics, the Manhattan project, the nuclear bombs, the nuclear tests, nuclear reactors, etc.

About 10% of the book examined the viability of nuclear power and discussed the public’s fear of it. His approach to that is something like; well, no wonder people are afraid of nuclear power, look at the history. However, that fear is still irrational. The awesome power of nuclear power can give us safe and clean energy, replace fossil fuels and fight global warming, and also take us to the stars. He points out that nuclear reactions are millions of times more powerful than chemical reactions.

What Are Isotopes?

I should explain what an isotope is. Atoms consist of a nucleus and electrons surrounding the nucleus. In the nucleus there are protons and neutrons (and some other stuff). Neutral atoms have an equal amount of electrons and protons, which determines what kind of element it is. Hydrogen has one electron and one proton. Helium has two electrons and two protons. Oxygen has eight electrons and eight protons, etc. The number of protons/electrons is called the atomic number of the element.

The number of protons plus the number of neutrons is called the mass number. Atoms of the same element but different number of neutrons are called isotopes. Uranium-235 or U-235 has 92 protons and 235 – 92 = 143 neutrons. The number if protons/electrons determine the chemical properties of the element. The number of neutrons determines nuclear properties such as the stability of the nucleus, radioactivity, etc., as well as the weight. Therefore U-238 and U-235 are identical chemically and look and feel the same, but U-235 is more radioactive, and you can use U-235 for fission but not U-238.

Cesium-137 in my Pocket

Before I continue with my review of the book I am going to tell a story about my crazy adventure with a Cesium-137, a very radioactive and dangerous isotope. In fact, Atomic Awakening claims that Cesium-137 and Strontium-90 are the two isotopes of the greatest concern with regards to nuclear waste.

Once when I was a young student of engineering physics, I was around 20 years old, we were doing experiments with radioactivity. We were using Cesium-137. There were signs on the walls warning about radioactivity and the Cesium-137 sample was enclosed in a little house built from lead bricks. We were supposed to quickly remove the lead bricks, take out the sample, do the experiment quickly, put the sample back and enclose it with the lead bricks. However, I got distracted by something and put the Cesium-137 sample in the back pocket of my jeans.

I walked around school with the Cesium-137 sample in my back pocket the whole day and after school I went shopping at the grocery store still having it in my back pocket. I discovered it once I got back to my room. I put in a drawer and stayed as far away from it as I could. The next day I woke up early, put the sample in my bag, went to the lab at school and when no one was looking I put the sample back in the lead brick house.

No, I don’t have any extra heads growing out of my buttocks, and I did not turn into the Hulk, but so much for nuclear safety.

Atomic Awakening Formats

Atomic Awakening: A New Look at the History and Future of Nuclear Power by James Mahaffey comes in four formats. I bought the hardback format.

• Hardcover –  Publisher : Pegasus Books (June 23, 2009), ASIN : 1605980404, ISBN-13 : 978-1605980409, 352 pages, item weight : 1.42 pounds, dimensions : ‎ 6.4 x 1.2 x 9.3 inches, it costs $49.29 on US Amazon. Click here to order it from Amazon.com.
• Paperback –  Publisher – Pegasus Books (October 15, 2010), ISBN-10 : 1605981273, ISBN-13 : 978-1605981277, 368 pages, item weight : 12.8 ounces, dimensions : ‎ 6 x 0.92 x 9 inches, it costs $15.63 on US Amazon. Click here to order it from Amazon.com.
• Kindle –  Publisher : Pegasus Books (October 15, 2010), ASIN : B004GUS68I, ISBN-13 : 978-1605982038, Item 369 pages, it costs $13.99 on US Amazon. Click here to order it from Amazon.com.
• Audio–  Publisher : Audible Studios (September 24, 2013), Listening Length : 11 hours and 44 minutes, ASIN : B00FBPGS78, it costs $21.83 on US Amazon. Click here to order it from Amazon.com.

Amazon’s Description of Atomic Awakening

Nuclear power is a paradox of danger and salvation―how is it that the renewable energy source our society so desperately needs is the one we are most afraid to use?

The American public’s introduction to nuclear technology was manifested in destruction and death. With Hiroshima and the Cold War still ringing in our ears, our perception of all things nuclear is seen through the lens of weapons development. Nuclear power is full of mind-bending theories, deep secrets, and the misdirection of public consciousness, some deliberate, some accidental. The result of this fixation on bombs and fallout is that the development of a non-polluting, renewable energy source stands frozen in time.

It has been said that if gasoline were first used to make napalm bombs, we would all be driving electric cars. Our skewed perception of nuclear power is what makes James Mahaffey’s new look at the extraordinary paradox of nuclear power so compelling. From medieval alchemy to Marie Curie, Albert Einstein, and the Manhattan Project, atomic science is far from the spawn of a wicked weapons program. The discovery that the atom can be split brought forth the ultimate puzzle of the modern age: Now that the energy of the universe is available to us, how do we use it? For death and destruction? Or as a fuel for our society that has a minimal impact on the environment and future generations?

Outlining nuclear energy’s discovery and applications throughout history, Mahaffey’s brilliant and accessible book is essential to understanding the astounding phenomenon of nuclear power in an age where renewable energy and climate change have become the defining concerns of the twenty-first century.

My five-star review for Atomic Awakening

The Amazing History of Everything Nuclear

The book is divided into three parts with five chapters each. The first third of the book (titled the Fantasy) recounts the history of physics, electromagnetics, light, the Michelson-Morley experiment, relativity, the nonexistence of simultaneous events, Einstein’s miraculous year, atoms, spectrometry, atomic models, isotopes, the photoelectric effect, radioactivity, quantum physics, nuclear physics, nuclear decay, fission, fusion, and why nuclear reactions are millions of times more energetic than chemical reactions. I already knew a lot of this history having a degree in physics, but I did not know all of it and the way it was written made it very interesting.

The second third of the book (titled the Puzzle) describes the discovery of fission and fusion and it is explained why the isotopes Uranium-235 and Plutonium-239 (among 3000+ isotopes) were perfect for fission. The author provides an account of the Manhattan Project’s history, and he explains in a general sense how a nuclear reactor and a nuclear bomb work. This section reminded me of the movie Oppenheimer. He describes a bit about the various nuclear reactor designs and how the first nuclear submarine came into existence.

This part of the book is filled with interesting and surprising anecdotes about the various scientists. The first part of the book also contained many interesting anecdotes, but this part of the book really has some very interesting and crazy stories to tell. The author points out that because of Hitler there were many Jewish top scientist and other top scientists who had to flee Europe to the US, thus turning the United States into the scientific superpower it wasn’t before. He explains why the Germans did not have a chance creating a nuclear bomb. I found it interesting that the Soviets deduced that the US was working on a nuclear bomb from the fact that so many US. physicist stopped publishing in physics journals. Apparently, the Germans and the Japanese did not figure this out. However, silence is suspicious, very suspicious.

The third part of the book (titled the Paradox) is about what came after the Second World War. The author describes the development of better and safer nuclear reactors (BWR, PWR, CANDU, etc.) as well as giving us an overview of many nuclear accidents, one of them being the terrible Chernobyl accident, which largely happened because of the extremely dangerous and bad reactor design, a so called RBMK reactor. RBMK reactors are monsters that cannot be built in the West. He recounts the development of new nuclear bomb technology, such as thermonuclear bombs, more popularly called hydrogen bombs.

He also tells us about the large number of nuclear tests performed including the detonation of Tsar Bomba, the Soviet 50 Megaton bomb. It was 3,300 times more powerful than the Hiroshima bomb. He makes it clear that there were thousands of nuclear bomb tests, but he did not specify an exact number, but I looked it up. There’s been more than 2,000 nuclear tests corresponding to a yield of 42,000 Hiroshima bombs. Many of the tests were not military. For example, project plowshare was about making a bigger and deeper Panama Canal by blowing a series of deep holes through Panama using hydrogen bombs. There were 35 nuclear bombs tests to determine the feasibility of creating giant holes with hydrogen bombs. He also explains how a nuclear bomb driven spaceship works and how we could have used it for interstellar space travel (Project Orion).

Towards the end of the book, he successfully makes the case that modern Nuclear Power (not the RBMK of course) is safe and clean. We avoid pollution, and it can be used to fight global warming. The same is true for solar and wind. However, he argues that the base power source must be constantly running, high-output nuclear stations. He argues that the public got a very bad impression of anything nuclear because of how it all started with nuclear bombs, nuclear tests, bad reactor designs and accidents, and how misinformation and miscalculations added to the bad impression. We often ignore the many tens of millions of victims of fossil fuels, and the hundreds of thousands of deaths from hydro, while exaggerating the dangers of nuclear power.

However, in nuclear power we have an immense power source that we are eventually bound to start using. That’s the Atomic Awakening. One of the shocking statements in this part of the book is that “all the medical and industrial radioisotopes, used daily in impressive quantities in the United States, are made in one reactor in Canada”. He blamed this on irrational fear of nuclear power. I checked whether this scary situation still existed today. Luckily, it is not as bad. Medical and industrial radioisotopes are still all imported but they also come from Europe and Australia. It is not just one reactor in Canada. He states that “the Paradox of Nuclear Power is that far more people die each year of radiation-induced disease from standing out in the sun than have ever died from the application of nuclear power” (page 223).

There were a few things that I did not like about the book. The first is that the author often describes complex experimental setups, designs, or tools that really could be better understood with an illustration, or a picture, but there were none. I found a typo on page 308, where he refers to fission as fusion in the third sentence. I think he spent too little space on the feasibility of Nuclear Power in the modern world and maybe too much on the history of physics. Nuclear Power seems to be what the book should be about and yet this topic was concentrated to the last 10% of the book and I don’t think he made his case as well as he could have. The end of the book seems rushed. On the other hand, it was a fascinating journey before we got there. Overall, I think this book is extremely interesting, it was a fun to read, and it was fact filled and a great learning experience. I loved reading this book, so even though I have a few misgivings I still think it is a five-star book. I highly recommend it.

Other Nuclear Related Posts

• Radon Represents our Largest Exposure to Ionizing Radiation
• Ukraine Gave up Thousands of Nuclear Warheads
• We Exploded Thousands of Nuclear Bombs

To see the Super Facts click here